How unique are hallucinated citations offered by generative Artificial Intelligence models?
This paper investigates how generative AI produces and propagates hallucinated academic references, focusing on the recurring non-existent citation 'Education Governance and Datafication' attributed to Ben Williamson and Nelli Piattoeva. Drawing on 137 accessible source papers identified through Google Scholar and Google searches, the study analyses the structure, recurrence, and onward citation of this phantom reference. It shows that hallucinated citations are not random inventions but pattern
Record details
Published: 31 March 2026
Source: arXiv
Category: Research
Topics: Regulation · Children & education · Finance, VC & PE
Retrieved: 14 July 2026
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How to cite this record
ethics.ai (31 March 2026), “How unique are hallucinated citations offered by generative Artificial Intelligence models?,” evidence record 6521, https://ethics.ai/record/6521 (originally published by arXiv).
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