Probing Stylistic Appropriation using Large Language Models: An Evaluation Framework for Copyright Infringement under EU Law

Large language models (LLM) trained on web-scale corpora generate output that may infringe copyright, yet existing technical safeguards focus narrowly on verbatim memorisation. EU copyright doctrine applies a broader standards: substantial similarity, which extends to stylistic choices, narrative structure, and creative elaboration. This mismatch between what current methods detect and what the law protects leaves a significant compliance gap. We introduce PSALM, an LLM-as-a-judge framework that

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ethics.ai (30 June 2026), “Probing Stylistic Appropriation using Large Language Models: An Evaluation Framework for Copyright Infringement under EU Law,” evidence record 415, https://ethics.ai/record/415 (originally published by arXiv).

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