From Frontier to Shadow AI: A Simmering Threat to Assurance and Security in Critical Infrastructure
Frontier AI systems, including large language models and emerging agentic AI tools, offer significant operational benefits but present unique challenges to critical infrastructure (CI) environments due to their non-deterministic and emergent properties. While formal adoption is inherently cautious and tightly controlled due to strict regulatory oversight, widespread accessibility has catalysed shadow AI: the unsanctioned use of frontier AI outside established organisational controls. In CI setti
Record details
Published: 23 May 2026
Source: arXiv
Category: Research
Topics: Regulation · Agents & autonomy · Environment
Retrieved: 14 July 2026
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ethics.ai (23 May 2026), “From Frontier to Shadow AI: A Simmering Threat to Assurance and Security in Critical Infrastructure,” evidence record 3829, https://ethics.ai/record/3829 (originally published by arXiv).
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