The Case for ESM3 as a General-Purpose AI Model with Systemic Risk Under the EU AI Act

Due to ambiguity in the wording of the EU AI Act, we examine the question of to what extent frontier biological foundation models such as ESM3 are subject to obligations for general-purpose AI models with systemic risk under the EU AI Act. In this paper, we map ESM3 to the biorisk chain, and conclude that it would be desirable if the providers of ESM3 and similar biological models were subject to these obligations, which would require them to assess and mitigate dual-use risks from their models.

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ethics.ai (2 May 2026), “The Case for ESM3 as a General-Purpose AI Model with Systemic Risk Under the EU AI Act,” evidence record 5066, https://ethics.ai/record/5066 (originally published by arXiv).

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