CHAL: Council of Hierarchical Agentic Language

Multi-agent debate has emerged as a promising approach for improving LLM reasoning on ground-truth tasks, yet current methodologies face certain structural limitations: debate tends to induce a martingale over belief trajectories, majority voting accounts for most observed gains, and LLMs exhibit confidence escalation rather than calibration across rounds. We argue that the genuine value of debate, and dialectic systems as a whole, lies not in ground-truth tasks but in defeasible domains, where

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ethics.ai (12 May 2026), “CHAL: Council of Hierarchical Agentic Language,” evidence record 4433, https://ethics.ai/record/4433 (originally published by arXiv).

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